NOVEMBER 6, 2014

A Better Picture of Poverty:
What Chronic Absenteeism and Risk Load Reveal About NYC's Lowest-Income Elementary Schools

BY KIM NAUER, NICOLE MADER, GAIL ROBINSON AND TOM JACOBS
WITH BRUCE CORY, JORDAN MOSS AND ARYN BLOODWORTH

Children can't learn if they aren't in school. That should be obvious, but a new report by The Center for New York City Affairs shows that chronic absenteeism consigns tens of thousands of children to academic failure even before they leave elementary school.

More than 87,000 New York City children in grades K-5 missed more than a month of school in 2012-13, according to the report. Improving attendance is critical to any strategy to improve struggling schools, the report says.

The report, released at a panel discussion at The New School on November 6, identifies 130 schools in which more than one-third of the children were chronically absent for five years in a row. Perhaps not surprisingly, these schools have very low levels of academic achievement as measured by standardized tests.

Chronic absenteeism correlates with deep poverty--high rates of homelessness, child abuse reports, male unemployment, and low levels of parental education. In fact, the report states, chronic absenteeism is a much better index of poverty than the traditional measure of the number of children eligible for free lunch. Moreover, it's very hard for schools to escape the pull of poverty: only a handful of schools with above-average rates of chronic absenteeism had above-average pass rates on their standardized tests for math and reading--and most scored far below, the report states.

The report identifies 18 “risk factors” that are associated with chronic absenteeism, both in the school building and in the surrounding neighborhood. Schools with a very high “risk load” are likely to suffer from poor attendance. Some of the school factors are: students in temporary housing; student suspensions; the perception of safety; and principal, teachers and student turnover. The neighborhood factors include: male unemployment, presence of public housing or a homeless shelter in a school’s attendance zone, adult levels of education, and involvement with the Administration for Children’s Services.

The good news is that focused attention on improved attendance can make a big difference. In response to a 2008 report on chronic absenteeism by the Center, Mayor Bloomberg appointed an inter-agency task force to improve attendance in 100 schools. That work was successful--some schools were able to improve attendance quite a lot--but rates of chronic absenteeism remain high. The rate of chronic absenteeism in elementary schools declined from 23 percent in 2009 to 19 percent 2013.

The report argues that risk load and chronic absenteeism should be an important consideration as the mayor launches expensive new programs, like his promised 100 new community schools, explicitly designed to help students overcome poverty-related educational issues.

The Center for New York City Affairs Schools Watch project is made possible thanks to the generous support of the Sirus Fund, the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation, the Donors’ Education Collaborative, the New York Community Trust, the Booth Ferris Foundation, the Capital One Foundation and the United Way of New York City.

Support for this report and future work around chronic absenteeism and community schools provided by the Robert Sterling Clark Foundation, the Sirus Fund, the Donors’ Education Collaborative and the United Way of New York City.